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Network - WebSocket

Created by : Mr Dk.

2019 / 04 / 29 0:05

Nanjing, Jiangsu, China


What

WebSocket 是一种在单个 TCP 连接上进行的 全双工 通信协议,于 2011 年被 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) 制定为 RFC 6455 标准,并由 RFC 7936 补充。WebSocket 中,浏览器和服务器只需要完成一次握手,两者之间就可以创建持久性的连接,并进行双向数据传输。最重要的是,允许服务端向客户端推送数据。


Why

WebSocket 需要客户端和服务端同时支持。WebSocket 是 HTML5 中的协议,但和 HTML 本身没有关系,就好比可以用 HTTP 传输非 HTML 格式的数据。WebSocket 是一个新的应用层协议,与 HTTP 有一点交集,但:

  • HTTP 是非持久协议
  • WebSocket 是持久协议

HTTP 的生命周期由 HTTP Request 界定,一个 Request 对应一个 Response,且 Response 是被动的,不能主动发起;WebSocket 借用 HTTP 协议来完成初始的握手:客户端和服务端握手完成,并都开始使用 WebSocket 模式。双方可以开始进行全双工通信,服务端可以主动发起与客户端的通信。


How

WebSocket 首先会借用 HTTP 完成初始握手。客户端发送:

GET /chat HTTP/1.1
Host: server.example.com
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Key: x3JJHMbDL1EzLkh9GBhXDw==
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat, superchat
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
Origin: http://example.com

对比传统的 HTTP 协议,多出了一些信息:

Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade

作用是告诉服务器,通信协议升级为 WebSocket。

Sec-WebSocket-Key: x3JJHMbDL1EzLkh9GBhXDw==
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat, superchat
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
  • Sec-WebSocket-Key 由浏览器随机生成,用于验证身份
  • Sec-WebSocket-Protocol 是用户定义的字符串,区分不同服务所需要的协议
  • Sec-WebSocket-Version 在 WebSocket 标准化之前不统一,标准化后,统一使用 13

服务端返回:

HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: HSmrc0sMlYUkAGmm5OPpG2HaGWk=
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat

同样,服务端返回同意升级协议:

Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: HSmrc0sMlYUkAGmm5OPpG2HaGWk=
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat
  • Sec-WebSocket-Accept 是经过服务器确认,并经过加密后的 Sec-WebSocket-Key
  • Sec-WebSocket-Protocol 是服务器最终使用的协议

Compare

与目前已有的一些信息传递机制的比较:

AJAX 轮询

客户端每隔几秒发送一次请求,询问服务器是否有新信息。存在问题:

  • 客户端需要不断向服务端发送请求
  • HTTP 请求中包含较长的头部,真正有效的部分很少
  • 浪费带宽,信息交换效率低下
  • 需要服务端有较高的处理效率,较多的资源

Long Poll

也是轮询的方式,但是采取 阻塞 策略。客户端发起连接后,如果没有消息,服务端就一直不发送 Response,直到有消息。

存在问题:

  • 服务端需要同时维护很多个阻塞的长连接
  • 需要服务端有较高的并发能力 (同时接待客户)

且存在共同的问题:

  • 客户端不断建立 HTTP 连接,被动等待服务端处理

WebSocket

整个连接只需要一次 HTTP 握手,通讯过程中不需要重复传输身份鉴别信息。服务端一直保持连接状态信息,直到连接被释放。由 ping/pong 帧维持连接状态。


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