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C++ - Const

Created by : Mr Dk.

2021 / 03 / 05 23:22

Nanjing, Jiangsu, China


About

const 是一个 C++ 限定符,用于指出 常量 的符号内容。创建常量的通用格式如下:

const type name = value;

应当尽量在声明时直接对常量进行初始化。

与 #define 的区别:

  • const 能够明确指明常量数据类型
  • C++ 的作用域规则能将 const 的定义限制在特定的函数或文件中
  • 可以用于数组或结构体等复杂类型

Const with Pointers

const 关键字能够与指针组合出两种用法:

  • 指向常量的指针:指针认为指向的值是常量,因此不允许用指针修改值
  • 常量指针:指针自身是一个常量,指针的值无法被修改

指向常量的指针

对于一个 指向常量的指针,其真正指向的数据不一定是一个常量,只是指针这么认为。所以想通过这个指针去修改数据是不行的,但是可以绕开指针去修改数据。

int age = 24;
const int *pt = &age;

age = 25; // ojbk
// (*pt)++; NO!

可以看到,const 与 int 结合为 const int,表示了指针的类型。指针认为它指向了一个不能被修改的常量。由于 指向的对象是否能被修改 的认知方在指针,就有了如下很有意思的性质:

  • 一个 const 指针可以被非 const 指针赋值 (自然也可以被 const 指针赋值)
  • 一个非 const 指针不能被 const 指针赋值

通俗地说,const 指针有点像一个 暖男:

  • 毫不在意过去:无论是 const 指针还是非 const 指针,都可以赋值给它
  • 固执的保护欲:只要它认定了指向的数据是 const,那么它是不会把它交 (赋值) 给非 const 指针的

基于这个性质,对于下面的函数声明,参数传递将会失败。因为一个 const 指针不能赋值给非 const 的形参:

const int months[12] = { 31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31 };

int sum(int arr[], int n); // int sum(const int arr[], int n);

cout << sum(months, 12); // NOT ALLOWED

通常将指针作为函数参数传递时,使用 const 指针来保护参数数据不被修改。在函数声明中,应当尽量使用 const:

  • 避免无意间修改数据导致程序错误
  • const 使得函数可以接收 const 和非 const 实参,否则只能接受非 const

指针常量

  • 数据类型为 int * 表示该指针指向的对象可以被修改 (非 const)
  • const 与指针变量名结合,表示该变量的值不可修改
int sloth = 3;
int * const finger = &sloth;

上述声明使得该指针只能指向 sloth 所在地址。

Const Member Function

保证声明的函数 不会修改 调用它的对象。

void Stock::show() const;
const Stock s;
s.show(); // NOT ALLOWED if not const
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